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 Afternoon Tea -
Afternoon Tea did not exist before the 19th century. At
that time lunch was eaten quite early in the day and dinner wasn't
served until 8 or 9 o'clock at night. But it wasn't until Anna,
the seventh Duchess of Bedford, asked for tea and light refreshments in
her room one afternoon, around 1830, that the ritual began. The
Duchess enjoyed her 'taking of tea' so much that she started inviting
her friends to join her. Before long having elegant tea parties
was very fashionable. Demand for tea wares grew and soon
there were tea services in silver and fine bone china, trays, cake
stands, servers, tea caddies, tea strainers, teapots, and tea
tables.....More on Afternoon Tea
 Amaretti Cookies
-
Pronounced am-ah-REHT-tee. Amaretti is the Italian name for
macaroons, which means little bitter things. Crisp and crunchy on
the outside and soft inside, these small domed shaped cookies originated
in Venice Italy during the Renaissance period. Consisting of
almonds or almond paste, sugar, and egg whites that can be flavored with
chocolate or liqueurs and two baked cookies can be sandwiched together
with ganache, buttercream or even jam. Often served with a sweet
dessert wine , liqueurs or ice cream......More
on Amaretti Cookies
 Angel
Food Cake -
This cake is also called an Angel Cake, so named as its airy lightness
is said to be the "food of the angels".
You may be surprised at how many egg whites are in an angel food cake. But it really is not surprising given the liberal use of
eggs in all cake recipes around the time of its invention (1870).
Waverley Root in "Eating in America A History" tells how in Mrs. J.
Chadwick's 1853 "Home Cookery" she calls for 32 egg yolks for just one
cake. He also cites Mrs. Horace Mann's "Christianity in the
Kitchen" (1861) as calling for 20 eggs in one cake that had to be beaten
for about three hours. It is a good thing that at about the same
time the angel food cake was invented the rotary egg beater came along which eliminated the long and laborious hand beating of
batters. Angel food cakes use their own special pan which Greg
Patent in "Baking in America" states was also invented in the late
1800s.....Recipe for Chocolate
Angel Food Cake
 Banana
Bread -
Banana Bread recipes
became very popular in the 1960s when hearty breads were all the
rage.
It
has a thick batter and is a cross between a cake and a bread. It
is baked in a rectangular baking pan until a toothpick inserted in the
center comes out clean.
Banana Bread is
classified as a Quick Bread (used since 1918) which
is a mainly North American term used to describe a light and moist
baked good that is "quick" to make. The dry ingredients and liquid
ingredients are mixed together separately, then combined and baked.
Leavened using a chemical leavening agent (baking powder/soda not
yeast) that does not require fermentation and involves little or no
kneading. Quick breads are made either from a batter (muffins,
coffee cakes, pancakes, popovers, loaves or breads) or a dough (scones
and biscuits).....Recipe for Banana Bread
Bee Sting Cake
(Bienenstich) - Originally a German
yeast cake that is also known as Bee Sting. The story goes that a
baker made the cake with a honey topping that attracted a bee which
stung the baker. The original cake had a yeast base that was
filled with a custard and frosted with honey, butter and almonds.
 Biscotti
is said to have originated during Columbus's time and credited to an
Italian baker who originally served them with Tuscan wines. They
became so popular that every province developed their own flavored
version. Because of their long storage ability they were an ideal
food for sailors, soldiers, and fisherman. Traditionally biscotti
were almond flavored as almonds were readily available in Italy and
nearby countries.....More on Biscotti
 Boston Cream Pie
- The name Boston Cream Pie is believed to be a misnomer as it's really a cake.
The "pie" instead of "cake" may be due to the fact that colonists used to bake
their cakes in pie tins as they did not own cake pans. The first reference
to Boston Cream Pie was when a New York newspaper in 1855 ran a recipe for a
'pudding pie cake'. This recipe, however, had a powdered sugar topping not
the chocolate glaze it now has. Then in 1856 a man named Harvey D. Parker
opened a restaurant in Boston called the Parker House Restaurant. On the
menu was a 'pudding pie cake' but it had a chocolate glaze not the powdered
sugar topping of the original recipe. This is the cake we know today and
the name 'Boston Cream Pie' is probably a combination of the first 'pudding pie
cake' recipe and the fact that Boston is the place where the chocolate glazed
version originated.
Bread Pudding -
Bread Pudding, first
known as a "poor man's pudding", is an old fashioned dessert that has been
popular in England since the 13th century. Unlike the bread puddings of
today where breads are sometimes made specifically for making the
puddings, it was once made as a way to use up any stale bread that was hanging
about. The stale bread was moistened by soaking the bread in water and
then squeezing out the excess water. Sugar, spices and other ingredients
were then added. Today, bread puddings are made with either fresh or
stale bread (brioche, challah, croissant, panettone, french, Italian) that is
soaked in a rich mixture (custard) of milk (or cream), eggs, sugar, vanilla, and
spices. Nuts, zests, candied or fresh fruit can also be added.....More
on Bread Pudding
Breakfast
-
Defined as the first meal of the day and literally means, breaking
the fast of the night. It was during the 15th century that
certain foods were created and served only at breakfast and this
tradition continues even today. It was reported back in the mid 1800s
that a typical American breakfast consisted of at least six courses;
tea, toast, eggs, beef, ham, fish, game, fruits, and breads. About the
same time there were the American food reformers who advocated eating less
meat and more grains. One such food reformer was John Henry Kellogg who
headed the Seventh Day Adventist "Sanatorium" in Michigan for people with
medical problems. One belief he had was that eating hard dry foods would
keep your teeth healthy and recommended eating zwieback. Unfortunately,
zwieback was very hard and brittle and when a patient broke a tooth eating
one, Dr. Kellogg set out to invent a new healthy dry cereal. The cereal
he produced was similar to a granola (now named Corn Flakes) and it sold very
well. So well, in fact, that others began producing dry cereals.
The foods eaten at home for breakfast have a lot to do with convenience as
people do not have the time to make and eat a leisurely breakfast.
Bread-like items are popular breakfast foods during the workweek: bagels,
muffins, scones, or cereal,
with a cup of tea or coffee. Weekends are when the so-called "big
breakfast" or "English breakfast" is served where eggs take center stage as well
as bacon, sausages, tomatoes, toast, jams and preserves. .....More on
Breakfast
 Brownies
- Brownies are classified as a bar cookie that tastes like a rich
chocolate cake that has been cut into squares. Toasted and chopped nuts
(walnuts, pecans, hazelnuts) can be added or even chunks or chips of white
chocolate. The Brownie is definitely America's favorite bar cookie
(square) and
the name "brownie" refers to its
dark brown color. John Mariani in "The Dictionary of American Food and
Drink" states that the first recipe appeared in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck and Co.
Catalog. ....Recipe for
Brownies
 Cakes
-
Cakes began
in ancient Egypt as
round, flat,
unleavened breads that
were cooked on a hot stone. Their evolution from crude cakes to what
we enjoy today was possible, over many centuries, through the introduction of
new ingredients and technology. The Egyptian's discovery and
subsequent skill at using natural yeast helped leaven those once flat cakes.
When butter and eggs made their way into the cake dough, their consistency
became the precursor for today's cakes. Cake making continued to
improve especially with the new ingredients such as chocolate and vanilla, and
eventually sugar, that came to Europe with the discovery of the New World....More
on Cakes and Cake Recipes
 Carrot Cake -
Carrots, along
with beets, contain more sugar than other vegetables which may explain
their use in some desserts. Although used in puddings and jams, the Carrot
Cake is by far the most popular carrot dessert. Recipes for this
cake, frosted with a Cream Cheese Frosting, began to appear in the 1960s.
The orange
carrots we enjoy today originated from the purple variety grown in Afghanistan
since the 7th Century AD. As they moved westward into Europe the orange
variety came about and this is the variety the English settlers brought to
America. Carrot comes from the Greek word "karōton"
and the Greeks started the belief that eating carrots would improve your
eyesight. John Ayto in "An A-Z of Food & Drink" tells how during World War
II the British furthered this belief by saying that British pilots improved
their night vision by eating huge amounts of carrots. They were, however,
only trying to encourage the eating of carrots as it was one of the few foods
that were not in short supply during the war....Recipe
for Carrot Cake
 Chiffon
Cakes - Chiffon cakes were invented in
the late 1940s. The Chiffon Cake is a cross between a butter and a
sponge cake. Similar to a butter cake in that it contains baking
powder and does have fat, albeit it is in liquid form. You may
notice that there is extra baking powder in this recipe. This is
because oil is heavy and needs extra leavening to ensure the cake will
rise properly. The advantage of oil is that it makes for a moist
and delicate cake that doesn't harden even when refrigerated. The
chiffon is similar to a
sponge cake in texture and that the eggs are separated. The whites are stiffly beaten
and then folded into the batter which contributes to the cake's leavening.
The batter is baked in an ungreased tube pan which allows the batter to
cling to the sides of the pan as it rises. The tube in the center
of the pan enables the hot air to circulate so the heat can reach the
center of the cake. Once baked the cake is inverted until cool to
keep the cake from shrinking and losing its volume....Recipe
for Orange Chiffon Cake
 Chocolate Chip
Cookies - Ruth Wakefield, owner of the Toll House
Inn in Massachusetts, is credited with
inventing the chocolate chip cookie. The story goes that one day in 1930 she
cut a Nestles Semisweet Yellow Label
Chocolate bar into small chunks and added it to her butter cookie dough.
The cookies were an instant hit with her customers and word of their popularity
reached the Nestles
company. Nestles must have realized that putting small chunks of their
chocolate bar in cookie dough would appeal to the mass market because by 1939
Nestles came out with chocolate morsels
(or chips). What a brilliant marketing plan it turned out to be when
Nestles
packaged the chips in a Yellow bag and then bought the rights to
the Toll House name and Ruth Wakefield's recipe. They called her recipe "The Famous Toll House Cookie"
and printed it on the back of the Yellow bag. This recipe is still to this
day, although in a slightly altered form, on the back the Nestles chocolate chip
bags.
Reported to be the favorite cookie of
Americans, Ruth Wakefield's recipe has been the springboard for numerous
adaptations. The original recipe: 1 cup butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, 3/4
white granulated sugar, 2 eggs, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract, 1 teaspoon baking
soda dissolved into 1 teaspoon hot water, 2 1/4 cups all purpose flour, 1
teaspoon salt, 1 cup chopped nuts, and 1 pound cut up chocolate has only been
slightly changed by Nestles to accommodate the
changes in baking soda and use of chocolate morsels. Once made with a mere
1/2 teaspoon of dough, chocolate chip cookies now range from miniature to jumbo
and Nestles has met this demand by producing various size morsels from mini-chips
to large morsels....More on
Chocolate Chip
Cookies
 Clafoutis -
Clafoutis (pronounced kla-foo-TEE) is a French country dessert hailing from
the Limousin region. Clafoutis comes from the word 'clafir' which
means 'to fill'. Traditionally made with the first sweet cherries of
the season and are left unpitted (kernels are said to add extra
flavor while baking). An earthenware dish is buttered and then covered
with a layer of stemmed cherries. A batter of eggs, flour, milk, and
sugar (sometimes butter, flavorings, liqueur are also added) is then poured
over the cherries. The consistency of the batter can be thin (like a
pancake batter) to thick (cake-like). The assembled dish is then baked
in the oven until the batter is puffed, set and nicely browned.
Confectioner's (powdered or icing) sugar is sprinkled over the top and it
can be served with vanilla ice cream or softly whipped cream. It is
best served warm.
Cookbook Journals -
As early as the 17th
century, women have been sharing and recording recipes in book form.
But the books they made were not merely a compilation of recipes.
They were really a journal of a woman's domestic life. You
would sometimes find household and gardening advice, as well as formulas
for making medicines, as a place to save clippings on events taking
place in their neighborhood, a place to save letters from friends and
family, to record or even write poetry and quotations, and as a place
where children practiced their writing of letters. Some women kept
adding to their journals throughout their lives so these books became a
diary of their domestic development. As the years went by you
could see the progress of their cooking skills by the increasing
complexity of the recipes and their abilities to adapt the recipes to
their own tastes. Some women were so pleased with their accomplishments
that they published their personal recipe books.....More
on Cookbook Journals
Cookbooks -
Recipes were once known as "receipts".
- First cookbooks were
written by chefs for chefs.
- It wasn't until the 18th
century that cookbooks even began to look like what we have today.
- Hannah Glasse (1708-1770),
Elizabeth Roffald (1733-1781) and Maria Rundell (1745-1829) were said to
be the first English women to write cookery books aimed at the
inexperienced housewife and her servants.
- Hannah Glasse wrote "The
Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy" in 1747 and she is probably the best
known English cookbook writer of the 18th century. Unfortunately,
it has been revealed that her book was full of plagiarized recipes.
This was very common in the 18th century.
- During the 18th century,
cookbooks used in the United States originated in England.......More
on the history of Cookbooks
 Cookies
- During the early part of the 18th century North
Americans began to use the word 'cookie' to define a small, sweet, flat
or slightly raised confection. The word 'cookie'
appears to come from the Dutch word "koekje
or koekie" and refers to a small cake. Alan
Davidson in The Oxford Companion to Food states that "cookies were
originally associated with New Year's Day....references from the early
part of the 19th century show that cookies and cherry bounce (a cherry
cordial) were the correct fare with which to greet visitors on that
occasion." Cookies are now eaten any time of the day - coffee
breaks, as a snack, for dessert, and even given as a welcoming gift.
In the U.K. they are called biscuits; in Spain they are
called galletas; in Germany they are
called keks; and in Italy they are called biscotti. Every
country has its favorite. ....More on
Cookies and Cookie Recipes
Croissant
is French for crescent or crescent-shaped. Croissants are composed of a
light buttery rich yeast dough that can have either a sweet (jam, marzipan,
chocolate) or savory (cheese, ham, chicken, mushrooms) filling.
Traditionally enjoyed in France for breakfast with coffee and milk.
Legend has it that one night during the war
of 1686 between Austria and Turkey, bakers in Budapest Hungary heard Turkish
soldiers tunneling under the city and sounded the alarm. This led to the
Turkish defeat of the war and the bakers' reward was the honor of making a
commemorative pastry in a crescent shape (the shape that is on the Turkish
flag). Later the French were credited with reinventing the croissant dough
to its current form using a puff pastry-like dough. However, in the Oxford
Companion to Food by Alan Davidson, he states that the recipe for the present
day croissant doesn't appear in a French recipe book until early in the 20th
century and there is no reference to it origins being from the
croissant made after the war of 1686.
Whatever its true origins, the present
day croissant is still credited to France and enjoyed in many parts of the
world. Croissants that are made with butter are called "croissant au
beurre" and any croissant containing other types of fat (usually margarine) must
be called "croissants".
 Eton Mess -
This English dessert takes softly whipped cream and adds to it cut up
strawberries and meringue cookies. The name "Eton" is used as the dessert
was first created at Eton College, one of Britain's most famous public schools
whose alumni includes 18 Prime Minister's of Great Britain. "Mess" is used
because the cream, strawberries and meringue cookies are just mixed together in
one big bowl. This dessert is traditionally served at Eton
College's annual June 4th prize giving celebration where parents and students
get together and have a picnic....Recipe
for Eton Mess
 Fruit Fools -
Dating
as far back as the sixteenth century, this classic British
dessert has seen its popularity ebb and flow. Today fruit fools consist of cooked or raw fruit that is pureed
or mashed, then sweetened, chilled, and finally folded into stiffly beaten whipped cream (there should be streaks of the white cream
showing where the fruit was not completely folded into the whipped cream).
Traditionally fools were made with tart fruits such as raspberries,
gooseberries, blackberries, loganberries, and rhubarb but today virtually any
fruit can be used. It is best showcased when served in a long stemmed
parfait or wine glass, garnished with fresh fruit. "Fool"
is believed to have originated from the French word "fouler"
which means "to mash" or "to press".
I first
read about fruit fools in Helen Saberi and Alan Davidson's book "Trifle".
In their discussion on the history of trifles they tell us that early trifles
resembled "fools". Early fools were thickened with eggs and cream,
and sometimes wine and spices were added. Some fools didn't contain fruit
at all and were more like a custard. But somewhere along the way it was realized
that eggs, wine and spices were not needed to enhance the flavor of the fresh fruit
and cream...Recipe for Fruit Fools
 Frozen
Fruit Pops - Although the first frozen
fruit confections on a stick (called the "Hokey Pokey") were sold as early as
1872, it wasn't until 1923 that they became well known. That year a man named
Frank Epperson applied for a patent on the first frozen fruit on a stick, called
the "Epsicle". As with many inventions, the Epsicle came about by accident
on a cold New Jersey morning. It seems that Frank Epperson had made a
glass of lemonade from a prepared powder and had accidentally left the glass,
with a spoon in it, on the windowsill overnight. The next morning he
discovered that the lemonade had frozen into a solid mass. After running
the glass under hot water he removed the frozen lemonade from the glass by
holding onto the spoon, and it was then he realized he had a new invention.
Once the patent for his "Epsicle" was issued he did sell it to the Joe Lowe
Corporation (now called Popsicle Industries) who renamed the frozen fruit on a
stick the "Popsicle"....Recipe for
Frozen Fruit Pops
 Fudge -
In the late 1800s, American college women starting making a candy we now know as
fudge. Recipes began to appear in cookery books around 1896....Recipe
for Fudge
 Gingerbread -
There are
two major styles of gingerbread: a moist and spicy sweet cake or a cookie
that is usually molded or shaped into a figure. In both cases we seem
to enjoy this dessert mainly during the fall and winter, especially around
the holiday season.
The
Crusaders are credited with bringing gingerbread to Europe, although not in
the form we enjoy today. At one time it was made with breadcrumbs and
sweetened with honey. As with most recipes, gingerbread evolved
around the world to meet the tastes of its different cultures. If you
sample gingerbread in a country other than your own you may be surprised to
find it does not look or taste as you expected. It may be a
bread, cake or cookie and can range from light colored with just a touch of
spice to dark colored and very spicy. Other gingerbreads: France has
Pain D'espice
(a cake containing flour, spices and honey), Holland has Speculaas (crisp
gingerbread cookie molded into different shapes), Austria and Germany
have Lebkuchen (a molded gingerbread cookie full of honey and spices), and
China has Mikong (ginger flavored honey bread)....Recipe for
Gingerbread Cake,
Gingerbread Cookies and
Gingerbread Scones
G ?/font>noise
-
G?/font>noise
is named after its place of origin, Genoa Italy and is a type of light and airy
sponge cake. Different from a sponge cake in that melted unsalted butter
(sometimes clarified) is added to the batter which makes it a more tender and
flavorful cake that is less sweet than a regular sponge cake.....More
on Genoise
 Ganache
is a French term referring to a smooth mixture of chopped chocolate and heavy
cream. The origins of ganache are debatable but it is believed to have
been invented around 1850. Some say it originated in Switzerland where it
was used as a base for truffles. Others say it was invented in Paris at
the Patisserie Siravdin....More on Ganache
 Hot Chocolate -
The drinking of
chocolate in the New World was first discovered by Columbus
in 1502 when he landed in what we now think was either
Mexico or Nicaragua. He found the Aztecs drinking a
chocolate beverage made with cocoa beans from the tropical tree Theobroma
which translates to "Food of the Gods". The Aztec's emperor,
Montezuma, loved the drink so much that he would drink upwards of 50 cups
a day. To make this drink the Aztecs would first roast and grind
the beans to a paste and then add the paste to water, along with chili
peppers and vanilla. This produced a beverage that was very bitter
tasting which the Spaniards didn't enjoy. Columbus did take some
cocoa beans back to Spain but there was little interest in them. It
wasn't until Hernando Cortez, around 1520, brought the cocoa beans back to Spain from
his trip to the New World that the chocolate beverage became popular.
To make this drink more palatable, the Spaniards processed the beans as
the Aztecs did but then they added sugar and spices (vanilla, cinnamon,
cloves, hazelnuts, almonds, orange flower water) to the chocolate paste.
Once the paste was allowed to solidify it was added to water or milk.
This drink immediately became popular with the Spaniards. So
popular that aristocratic ladies would start each day with a cup and even
went so far as having their servants bring them some during Mass.
Eventually this chocolate
beverage spread throughout Europe but chocolate was still very expensive
so it was enjoyed primarily
by the upper class. But everything changed in the 1820s when a Dutchman, by the
name of Van Houten, came up with a way to remove most of the fat from the
cocoa beans to produce what we now call cocoa powder. Almost
overnight cocoa powder replaced chocolate in the making of hot chocolate
and it lost its appeal with adults. It now became a drink served to
children and remains that way to this day....Recipe
for Hot Chocolate
 Hot Cross Buns -
This
round, rich, sweet, yeast bun is traditionally served on Good Friday. The passing of a London by-law in the early 1500s forbidding the
sale of hot cross buns except on Good Friday, Christmas, and at funerals seems
to have permanently influenced when we eat these spiced buns. Made
of milk, yeast, sugar, flour, spices (such as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, and
cloves), eggs, butter, currants, raisins and/or candied fruit. John Ayto in
"An A-Z of Food & Drink" states that the
first record of the cross appearing on the top of the buns was in 'Poor Robin's
Almanack' (1733) and the 'hot' was added to the name in the early 1800s. The cross (represents cross of Christ and the
Crucifixion) on top that can be made by cutting into the dough, by strips of
pastry, or with a paste of flour and water. Once baked, they can be iced
with confectioners frosting or fondant. Superstition had it that hot
cross buns baked on Good Friday never became moldy and one bun used to be kept as
a charm until the next year's buns were made. There
are various stories as to when they were first made, but the story I like is
related to the Anglo Saxons. They are said to have baked the buns in honor
of their goddess of Spring, Eostre, from whom the name Easter is derived...More
on Hot Cross Buns
 Ice Cream -
The
United States is by far the world's largest consumer of ice cream followed
by Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Britain. Ice cream is such a
big part of our culture that in the 1920s as immigrants arrived in the
United States (Ellis Island) they were served ice cream as part of their
first meal. Although we may have adopted it as our own ice cream
is not an American invention. Paul Dickson tells us in his book 'The
Great American Ice Cream Book' that the first record of it being eaten in
the United States was in 1742 when ice cream was served at a dinner given by
the then Governor of Maryland. But it wasn't until the latter part
of the eighteenth century when ice cream houses started to appear in New York
and Philadelphia that ice cream was not simply a dessert to be enjoyed by the
wealthy .
The
first ice creams were really "iced cream" as they were made with cream,
sugar and flavorings (no eggs) that were simply frozen. They were
quite coarse in texture and contained large ice crystals. Although the
French started to add eggs or egg yolks to their ice cream recipes around
the early 1700s, the British didn't follow suit until the middle of the
century. And it wasn't until the 1840s, and the invention of the first
ice cream machine, that ice cream began to take on the smooth and creamy
texture that we enjoy today....Recipe for Ice
Creams
 Ice Cream Cone -
The ice cream cone turns 100 this year. It made its debut
at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair and there are many conflicting stories
of who should be given credit for its invention. Paul Dickson
in his "The Great American Ice Cream Book" states that the International
Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers (IAICM) has given Ernest A. Hamwi
the credit for inventing the cone.
Ice cream was very popular at the turn of the last century and so it is
not surprising that there were over 50
ice cream vendors selling a total of 5000 gallons of ice cream per day at
the Fair.
Ernest Hamwi also had a booth at the fair but he was selling a type of
waffle (zalabia), not ice cream. One day, the man (Arnold Fornachou)
at the booth next to Hamwi ran out of small
dishes to serve his ice cream. Hamwi got the idea to roll one of his hot
Belgian waffles into a cornucopia and told Fornachou to put a scoop of his
ice cream into the cornucopia's mouth. They were an instant hit with
Fornachou's customers who lined up to have their ice cream served this new
way. In fact, the cones were so popular at the Fair that St.
Louis foundries started manufacturing molds for making the cornucopia
shaped cones. The cones were first given the name "World's Fair
Cornucopia" until about 1909 when they were renamed "ice cream cones".
The cone obviously gained popularity across the United States because by
1924 Americans were consuming upwards of 245 million cones per year.....Recipe
for Ice Cream Cones
 Ice
Cream Sandwiches - By
the end of the 19th century ice cream was firmly entrenched in American
society and with its popularity came many new inventions. One of the
first inventions to come along was the ice cream cone which made its debut
at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. By the 1920s we had the first chocolate-covered ice cream
bar (Eskimo Pie), the banana split, ice cream cakes, the first chocolate
covered ice cream bar on a stick (the Good Humor Ice Cream Sucker), and
the ice cream sandwich. John Mariani in his 'The Dictionary of
American Food and Drink' says the first ice cream sandwiches were made
with cake like chocolate cookies followed in San Francisco by sandwiches
made with oatmeal cookies. In the 1980s the 'Chipwich' became very
popular which was made with the chocolate chip cookie....Recipe
for Ice Cream Sandwiches
 Ladyfingers
-
You may know them as Ladyfingers but these long finger- or oval-shaped
cookies are also known around the world as Boudoir biscuits, sponge
biscuits, sponge fingers, Naples biscuits, Savoy biscuits (Savoiardi) and
biscuits. The first mention of these cookies was in John Keats' poem
'The Cap and Bells' (1820) "Fetch me that Ottoman, and prithee keep your voice
low, said the Emperor; and steep some lady's-fingers nice in Candy wine".
Ladyfingers are made from a sponge cake batter where the egg yolks and sugar
are beaten together until thick, to which vanilla extract, sifted flour and
beaten egg whites are folded in. The batter is then piped into long
finger-shaped cookies which are dusted with sugar before baking to give them
a crisp sweet crust. The batter contains more flour than most sponge
recipes to make it thick enough to pipe. Although these delicate sponge cookies can be eaten on
their own as a petit four or as an accompaniment to ice creams, they really
shine when soaked in a syrup and used as part of more complex desserts such
as Tiramisu,
English Trifles, or Charlottes....Recipe for
Ladyfingers
 Linzertorte -
Linzertorte which is one of Austria's most famous desserts. Believed to
have originated from the City of Linz, written recipes began to appear in the early 1700s.
Traditionally this torte consisted of a crust made with flour, ground nuts
(traditionally almonds), sugar, egg yolks, spices and lemon zest that was
filled with preserves (traditionally black currant) and then topped with a
lattice crust.
Linzer Cookies use the
same ingredients as the Linzertorte but present them in a different way.
Two cookies are sandwiched together with a layer of preserves. The top
cookie, dusted with confectioners sugar, has a cutout so the preserves are
 visible. When cut into a round shape with a round cutout they are
known as Linzer "Eyes" (Linzer Augen) as they are said to resemble an eye.
Traditionally these cookies are filled with black currant preserves.
However, in America as black currant preserves are expensive, we fill them
with a variety of different flavored preserves, most notably seedless
raspberry preserves. Variations now exist for this cookie using ground
hazelnuts, pecans, or even walnuts in place of the traditional ground
almonds....Recipe for Linzer Cookies
 Madeleines -
Dating back
to the 18th century in the French town of Commercy, in the region of Lorraine,
the story goes that a girl name Madeleine made them for Stanislaw Lezczynski,
Duke of Lorraine, who loved them and subsequently gave some to his daughter,
Marie, the wife of Louis XV. Their popularity grew after that. Made famous by Marcel Proust in his
novel 'Remembrance of Things Past' in which he wrote: "She sent out for one of
those short, plump little cakes called 'petites madeleines', which look as
though they had been moulded in the fluted scallop of a pilgrim's shell. And
soon, mechanically, weary after a dull day with the prospect of a depressing
morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of tea in which I had soaked a morsel of
the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid, and the crumbs with it, touched on my
palate than a shudder ran through my whole body and I stopped, intent upon the
extraordinary changes that were taking place. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses....".....More
on Madeleines
 Meringue
Mushrooms - A recipe for Meringue
Mushrooms can be found in Fannie Farmer's Original 1896 Boston Cooking School
Cookbook. But Maida Heatter is the one who brought them to their level of
popularity today. In her 1978 book "Book of Great Chocolate Desserts" she
tells the story of entering them in an international cooking Olympics some 20
years before. Since then she says has seen recipes in newspapers and
magazines that look just like the ones she made for the Olympics.
There are many slightly
different versions of this recipe but they all involve making a meringue from
egg whites, cream of tartar, and sugar. The meringue is then placed in a
pastry bag and piped into shapes of mushroom caps and stems. After baking
in a slow oven the stems are attached to the caps in one of two ways. You
can save a little meringue and use it as a 'glue' to attach the stems to the caps
or you can use a little melted chocolate to 'glue' them together. Either
way is delicious. The finishing touch is
dusting the tops with a
light sprinkling of cocoa powder.....Recipe for
Meringue Mushrooms
 Muffins
- The name
'Muffin' either comes from the French word
'moufflet', meaning a soft bread,
or from the German word 'muffe' which is the name for a type of
cake.
There are two types of muffins: English and American.
English Muffins are made from a
yeast dough that is formed into rounds, cooked on a griddle,
toasted, split and buttered. They are relatively flat with a
golden-brown top and bottom and a light, spongy interior.
Muffins began as a yeast bread but American muffins have evolved to
be a cross between a bread and a cake and a chemical leavener
(baking powder/soda) is now used instead of yeast. A basic
muffin recipe contains flour, sugar, baking powder/soda, eggs, fat,
and milk (buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream)...More
on Muffins and Recipes
Oats - Oats are a
cereal grain that are rich and flavorful and come in many forms. The oat
flakes (rolled oats) that we are most familiar with were first produced in
1877 by the The Quaker Mill Company. By 1884 they began selling
their product, calling it "Quaker Oats", in the now famous cardboard
canister with its distinctive red, white and blue label. An
interesting fact is that Quaker Oats is said to have been not only the
first packaged food in America but also the first product to be mass
marketed in the U.S..
Oats were once thought of as a weed and weren't domesticated until after
the Christian era began. Besides Northern Europe, Scotland, and
Ireland, oats were used as animal feed. In fact, even today, over
90% of our U.S. crop is still used for this purpose. In retrospect
you can see why Dr. Johnson in his 1755 'Dictionary of the English
Language' defined 'oats' as "a grain which in England is generally given
to horses but in Scotland supports the people". Northern Europe,
Scotland, and Ireland have long enjoyed oats, mainly as porridge or in oat
cakes.....Recipe for Oatmeal Cookies
 Parfaits -
Parfait is French for perfect and is a frozen custard dessert made with eggs,
sugar, whipped cream and flavorings such as a puree, liqueur, coffee, or
chocolate that is placed in a mold, similar to a bombe. An American
parfait has evolved to mean a dessert consisting of ice cream layered with
flavored syrups or fruit and whipping cream that is topped with more whipping
cream, nuts and a Maraschino cherry. It is served in a tall narrow glass
so the layers are clearly visible...Recipe for Berry
Parfaits
 Pavlova -
or 'pav' is a meringue cake with a light, delicate,
crisp crust and a soft sweet marshmallow center that is produced by folding a
little vinegar and cornstarch (cornflour) into stiffly beaten egg whites and
sugar. This dessert is served with softly whipped cream and fresh fruit (passion
fruit, kiwi, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries or strawberries are
favorites). The name for this dessert, Pavlova, was chosen in honor of the
Russian ballerina, Anna Pavlova, who toured both New Zealand and Australia in
1926. There is a long standing debate about whether New Zealand or Australia
invented this dessert, which has yet to be resolved. New Zealand claims that
printed recipes for this meringue began to appear in New Zealand in the late
1920's. Australia tells the story of how, an Australian chef, Herbert Sachse,
invented this dessert when a soft meringue cake was requested for an afternoon
tea at the hotel where he worked. ...Recipe for Pavlova
Recipe for Chocolate Pavlova
 Peanut
Butter Cookies - The peanut butter
cookie was invented in America in the 1940s. Peanut Butter Cookies, along with
the Chocolate Chip and Oatmeal, are classified as drop cookies.
George Washington Carver (1864-1943) tried very hard to get Americans to
use peanuts in both cooking and baking. He founded the Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama and wanted farmers to grow peanuts after the cotton
crop was destroyed by the boll weevil in the 1890s. He did accomplish his
goal of getting Americans to both grow and eat peanuts, especially peanut
butter, but not so much in cooking as in baking cakes, cookies, puddings,
pies, and candies.
Americans love
their peanut butter so much that over half of our peanut crop goes to
making peanut butter. John Mariani in 'The Dictionary of American
Food & Drink' tells us that peanut butter was invented in the late 19th
century by a St. Louis doctor who first promoted it as a health food at
the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Children are big eaters of peanut
butter, especially in their favorite 'Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwiches'.
Public schools give children this type of sandwich 'free' when they forget
either their boxed lunch, or lunch money, at home.....Recipe for
Peanut Butter Cookies
Petit Four
- What do miniature
tuiles, eclairs, fancy cakes, macaroons, glazed or candied fruits, tartlets,
ladyfingers, cigarettes, etc. have in common? They all belong to a
category of small fancy cookies, pastries, or confections called "petits fours". The name petit four seems to have originated from the name of the ovens (petit
four meaning 'small oven') they were baked in. In the 18th
century the ovens were made of brick and once the large cakes were baked, small
cakes were placed in the ovens as they were cooling down.
Petits fours can be eaten
in one or two bites and these fancy pastries are further divided into
"sec" or "glace".
"Sec" meaning "dry" and "glace";
meaning "iced or frosted". Petits fours sec usually refers to
small biscuits (cookies) or pastries which have little done to them once baked. Tuiles, macaroons, cigarettes, meringues, and ladyfingers are some examples.
Commonly served with afternoon tea or with ice cream, sorbet, or custard.
Petits fours glace
are pastries that can be filled with cream, chocolate, or jam and then covered,
glazed, or dipped and decorated with marzipan, fondant, chocolate, or some other
form of glaze or icing. A miniature sponge cake filled with a buttercream
and glazed with ganache is one example. The petit four "sec" and "glace";
can be sponge or cake based, biscuit or cookie based, meringue based, marzipan
based, fresh fruit or chocolate based. They are traditionally served with
afternoon tea or after a fancy meal (particularly petits fours glace accompanied
by tea, coffee, liqueurs, or dessert wines).
 Pound Cake -
The
pound cake originated several centuries ago in England from yeast leavened
bread-like cakes. The name comes from the fact that the original pound
cakes contained one pound each of butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. No
leaveners were used other than the air whipped into the batter. These
cakes were rich and dense. By the mid 1800's pound cake recipes began to
deviate slightly from the original formula to make a lighter cake. Some
recipes even contained a liquid, such as alcohol or rose water. It wasn't
until the 20th century that artificial leaveners (baking powder/soda) were
added. Today, pound cakes use different proportions of the same
ingredients as the original formula to produce a lighter cake....More
on Pound Cake
 Rice Pudding
- In Roman times rice puddings (pottages), softened in
milk (almond or cow's), were thought to cure upset stomachs. Eventually
recipes for both baked and boiled rice puddings began to appear. Spices
such as nutmeg and cinnamon were popular in rice puddings along with raisins and
currants. Eggs were sometimes added towards the end of baking and you will
still find them used in recipes today. Rice pudding recipes differ in the
type of rice (long or short grain white rice, brown, basmati, jasmine), milk
(whole milk, coconut milk, cream, evaporated or condensed), spices (nutmeg,
cinnamon), flavorings (vanilla extract, orange or lemon zest), amount and type
of sugar (white or brown), whether eggs and butter are added, to whether there
should or should not be a film of top....Recipe for
Rice Pudding
 Sable
(French Butter Cookie) -
The Sable
is a classic French cookie originating in Normandy. Sable
is French for "sand" and refers to the sandy texture of this delicate and
crumbly shortbread-like cookie. A versatile dough that can be flavored with ground nuts or
zests and although traditionally round with fluted edges, they can also be cut
into other shapes and even sandwiched together with jam or preserves, chocolate
or lemon curd....More on
Sable
 Scones -
Scones are believed to have originated in Scotland and are closely related to
the griddle baked flatbread, known as bannock. They were first made
with oats, shaped into a large round, scored into four to six triangles, and
cooked on a griddle either over an open fire or on top of the stove.
The origin
of the name 'scone' is just as unclear as where it came from.
Some say the name comes from where the Kings of
Scotland were crowned, the Stone (Scone) of Destiny. Others
believe the name is derived from the Dutch word "schoonbrot"
meaning fine white bread or from the German word "sconbrot"
meaning 'fine or beautiful bread'. Still others say it comes
from the Gaelic 'sgonn' a shapeless mass or large mouthful.....More
on Scones
 Sherbet and
Sorbet - In ancient time, the Sherbet was a non
alcoholic sweetened fruit drink sold in the Middle East by street vendors during
the summer months. As time went on the Sherbet, known as 'sharab',
had alcohol added to it so a new name 'sharbat'
was given to the original non alcoholic fruit drink. By the 16th
century the sharbat
had made its way to Europe where it became very popular. In Italy the fruit
drink was called sorbetto (from the verb sorboire meaning 'to sip'), in France
it was called sorbet, in Spain it was called sorbete and the English called it
sherbet. Over time, and with the advent of making artificial ice,
sorbets/sherbets were sometimes frozen and were either served as a drink or
eaten with a spoon.
In America at the turn of the 19th century,
the word sherbet and sorbet were (at still are in some places) used
interchangeably. The difference, however, is that
sorbets are made using fresh fruit
(juices/purees), sugar, water and sometimes lemon/lime juice and come closest to
the original Middle Eastern drink. Sherbets, on the other hand, contain fruit juice or puree, sugar, and water but
also milk and/or cream, and sometimes eggs to give them a smooth and rich
consistency somewhere between an ice cream and a sorbet....Recipe for
Lemon Sherbet,
Blackberry Sorbet, and
Strawberry Sorbet
 Shortbread
- Scottish in origin, this rich, tender and crumbly straw colored biscuit
(cookie) was once only served during Christmas and New Year's Eve (Hogmanay).
The classic proportions of one part sugar to two parts butter to three
parts flour were mixed together and placed in a lightly floured 8
inch (20 cm) round wooden mold carved with a thistle. The
dough-filled mold was then inverted onto a baking sheet, released from
the mold, and baked in a slow oven. Once baked, the
shortbread was cut into wedges that were given the name "petticoat
tails". This name was derived because the shape of the
shortbread wedges was similar to the bell-hoop petticoats worn by court
ladies in the 12th century.....More
on Shortbreads
 Strawberries
- The
cultivated strawberries we enjoy today began in France with the chance
meeting of two American species; one from North America, the other from
South America. The first to arrive in France in the early 1600s
was the F. Virginiana, the wild scarlet woodland strawberry that was
found growing along the Eastern United States. A century would
pass before the second American species, F. Chiloensis, would arrive
from South America. It seems a French engineer, who was sent to the west coast of South America for a totally different
reason, found and brought back to France a large walnut sized strawberry
that tasted like a pineapple. At first, although the Chilean
strawberry plant thrived, it would not bear any fruit. Then, by
chance, the North American strawberry was planted near the South
American plant. The two strawberry plants met and crossed
naturally to produce a strawberry with the best characteristics of the
two species. This new hybrid was the ancestor of the cultivated
strawberries that have become one of the most popular fruits in the world
today....Recipes for Strawberry
Desserts
 Tiramisu -
Pronounced tih-ruh-mee-SOO.
Literally translated it means "pick me up" or "carry me up". It is an
Italian dessert invented in the 1960's at the El Touga restaurant in Treviso,
Italy. Variations exist, but
the bottom layer is usually composed of a sponge cake or ladyfingers that are
dipped or soaked in a mixture of coffee (espresso) and alcohol (rum or brandy).
The next layer is typically a Zabaglione
(Zabaione) (pronounced zah-bahl-YOH-nay) or a custard-like variation
combined with mascarpone cheese. Zabaglione is a light,
airy wine custard made by whipping egg yolks, sugar and sweet Marsala
wine over a water bath.
(Traditionally served warm or cold in wine
goblets. Can also be used in making Tiramisu. Invented by
the Italians but the French make their own version called
sabayon (pronounced sah-bah-YAWN) and the Marsala wine (see note) is sometimes
replaced by Champagne or dry white wine.) Grated chocolate is then
sprinkled over the Zabaglione, followed by a layer of softly whipped cream.
The layers are often repeated which
is why it is oftentimes called an Italian Trifle. Finally, the Tiramisu is
garnished with cocoa powder and sometimes a dusting of ground cinnamon....Recipe
for Tiramisu
 Torte
-
Torte is German for cake and refers to both a multi-layered
cake filled with buttercream, jam, or cream and to a rich, moist, and dense
single-layered cake.
 Trifle -
What a stunning dessert the trifle
makes with its multiple layers that delight our senses with so many
colors, textures and flavors. The English have
enjoyed this dessert for over three centuries now. Although the
dictionary defines 'trifle' as being something insignificant, this
dessert is anything but. Its beginnings were humble as the first
trifles simply consisted of a mixture of boiled cream and a few other
ingredients. It wasn't until the mid 18th century that the
trifle started to evolve into what we have today. This is a
trifle recipe by Frederick Bishop from "The Wife's Own Book of
Cookery", 1852 (quoted from Elizabeth David's 'An Omelette and a
Glass of Wine')
'Cover the
bottom of the dish with Naples biscuits, and macaroons broken in halves,
wet with brandy and white wine poured over them, cover them with patches
of raspberry jam, fill the dish with a good custard, then whip up a
syllabub, drain the froth on a sieve, put it on the custard and strew
comfits over all.'
(Naples biscuits was the name given
to sponge fingers at the time.) (Syllabub being a milk or cream
that is whipped with sugar, spirits, spices and sometimes egg whites.)
(Comfits are sugar-coated coriander or caraway seeds.)....More
on Trifles
 Truffle
- The name
'truffle' for this confection comes from the fact that the mis-shaped cocoa
powder covered truffle looked like the fungus of the same name....More
on Truffles
Tuiles -
is French for tile. So named because tuiles copy the
shape of roofing tiles once used in France. A very thin,
crisp (brittle) cookie that is traditionally made with almonds but
can be flavored with vanilla, oranges, or even other types of nuts....More
on Tuiles.
Valentine's Day
-
February 14th is named after the patron saint, St.
Valentine, and we celebrate this day with the exchange of
candy, flowers, cards, and gifts as a token of affection to
our loved ones. The history of this day is very
sketchy but it does appear to derive from Christian and
Roman traditions. The story I like dates from the
third century when Rome was ruled by the Emperor Claudius
II. The Emperor outlawed marriages for young men as he
felt single men made better soldiers than men who were
married. A priest, named St. Valentine, didn't agree
with the Emperor and married young lovers in secret.
When the Emperor discovered what St. Valentine was doing, he
sentenced him to death.
The
story then goes that while in prison, waiting to be put to death,
he met and fell in love with the jailor's daughter.
Before he died he sent her a letter and signed it "From your
Valentine". This expression is still used today and
St. Valentine is now best remembered as being a romantic and heroic
figure.
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